Ρόδος, Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Rhodes (Greek: Ρόδος, Ródos, [ˈroðos]) is an island in Greece, located in the eastern Aegean Sea. It is the largest of the Dodecaneseislands in terms of both land area and population, with a population of 117,007, and also the island group's historical capital. Administratively the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the South Aegean region. The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Rhodes. The city of Rhodes had 53,709 inhabitants in 2001. It is located northeast of Crete, southeast of Athens and southwest of the Anatolian coast in Turkey.

Historically, Rhodes was famous worldwide for the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The medieval Old Town of the City of Rhodes has been declared a World Heritage Site. Today, it is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe.

Name

The island has been known as Ρόδος in Greek throughout its history. In addition, the island has been called Italian: Rodi, Ottoman Turkish: ردوس Rodos, and Ladino: Rodi or Rodes.

Geography

Rhodes is closer to Asia Minor than to the Greek mainland.

The island of Rhodes is shaped like a spearhead, 79.7 km (49.5 mi) long and 38 km (24 mi) wide, with a total area of approximately 1,400 square kilometres (541 sq mi) and a coastline of approximately 220 km (137 mi). The city of Rhodes is located at the northern tip of the island, as well as the site of the ancient and modern commercial harbours. The main air gateway (Diagoras International Airport, IATA code: RHO) is located 14 km (9 mi) to the southwest of the city in Paradisi. The road network radiates from the city along the east and west coasts.

Outside of the city of Rhodes, the island is dotted with small villages and beach resorts, among them Faliraki, Lindos, Kremasti, Haraki,Pefkos, Archangelos, Afantou, Koskinou, Embona (Attavyros), Paradisi, and Trianta (Ialysos).

It is situated 363 km (226 mi) east-south-east from Greece mainland and only 18 km (11 mi) from the southern shore of Turkey.

History

Ancient times

The island was inhabited in the Neolithic period, although little remains of this culture. In the 16th century BC, the Minoans came to Rhodes. Later Greek mythology recalled a Rhodian race called the Telchines, and associated the island of Rhodes with Danaus; it was sometimes nicknamed Telchinis. In the 15th century BC, Mycenaean Greeks invaded. After the Bronze Age collapse, the first renewed outside contacts were with Cyprus. In the 8th century BC, the island's settlements started to form, with the coming of the Dorians, who built the three important cities of Lindos, Ialyssos and Kameiros, which together with Kos, Cnidus and Halicarnassus (on the mainland) made up the so-called Dorian Hexapolis (Greek for six cities).

Before archaeology, myth stood in for blanks in the historical record. In Pindar's ode, the island was said to be born of the union of Helios the sun god and the nymph Rhode, and the cities were named for their three sons. The rhoda is a pink hibiscus native to the island. Diodorus Siculus added that Actis, one of the sons of Helios and Rhode, travelled to Egypt. He built the city of Heliopolis and taught the Egyptians the science of astrology.

In the second half of the 8th century, the sanctuary of Athena received votive gifts that are markers for cultural contacts: small ivories from the Near East and bronze objects from Syria. At Kameiros on the northwest coast, a former Bronze Age site, where the temple was founded in the 8th century, there is another notable contemporaneous sequence of carved ivory figurines. Phoenician presence on the island at Ialysos is attested in traditions recorded much later by Rhodian historians.

The Persians invaded and overran the island, but were in turn defeated by forces from Athensin 478 BC. The cities joined the Athenian League. When the Peloponnesian War broke out in 431 BC, Rhodes remained largely neutral, although it remained a member of the League. The war lasted until 404 BC, but by this time Rhodes had withdrawn entirely from the conflict and decided to go her own way.

In 408 BC, the cities united to form one territory. They built the city of Rhodes, a new capital on the northern end of the island. Its regular plan was superintended by the Athenian architect Hippodamus. The Peloponnesian War had so weakened the entire Greek culture that it lay open to invasion. In 357 BC, the island was conquered by the king Mausolus of Caria, then it fell to the Persians in 340 BC. Their rule was also short. To the great relief of its citizens, Rhodes became a part of the growing empire of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after he defeated the Persians.

Following the death of Alexander, his generals vied for control of the kingdom. Three: Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Antigonus, succeeded in dividing the kingdom among themselves. Rhodes formed strong commercial and cultural ties^[14] with the Ptolemies in Alexandria, and together formed the Rhodo-Egyptian alliance that controlled trade throughout the Aegean in the 3rd century BC.

The city developed into a maritime, commercial and cultural center; its coins circulated nearly everywhere in the Mediterranean. Its famous schools of philosophy, science, literature and rhetoric shared masters with Alexandria: the Athenian rhetorician Aeschines, who formed a school at Rhodes; Apollonius of Rhodes; the observations and works of the astronomers Hipparchus and Geminus, the rhetorician Dionysios Trax. Its school of sculptors developed a rich, dramatic style that can be characterized as "Hellenistic Baroque".

In 305 BC, Antigonus directed his son, Demetrius, to besiege Rhodes in an attempt to break its alliance with Egypt. Demetrius created huge siege engines, including a 180 ft (55 m) battering ram and a siege tower named Helepolis that weighed 360,000 pounds (163,293 kg). Despite this engagement, in 304 BC after only one year, he relented and signed a peace agreement, leaving behind a huge store of military equipment. The Rhodians sold the equipment and used the money to erect a statue of their sun god, Helios, the statue since called the Colossus of Rhodes.

In 164 BC, Rhodes signed a treaty with Rome. It became an educational center for Roman noble families, and was especially noted for its teachers of rhetoric, such as Hermagoras and the unknown author of Rhetorica ad Herennium. At first, the state was an important ally of Rome and enjoyed numerous privileges, but these were later lost in various machinations of Roman politics. Cassius eventually invaded the island and sacked the city.

In the 1st century AD, the Emperor Tiberius spent a brief term of exile on Rhodes. Saint Paul brought Christianity to people on the island. Rhodes reached her zenith in the 3rd century. In 395, the long Byzantine Empire-period began for Rhodes, when the eastern half of the Roman empire became gradually more Greek.

Beginning after 600 AD, its influence in maritime issues was manifested in the collection of maritime law known as "Rhodian Sea Law" (Nomos Rhodion Nautikos), accepted throughout the Mediterranean and in use up to Byzantine times (and influencing the development ofadmiralty law up to the present).

Rhodes was occupied by the Muslim forces of Muawiyah I in 672. In circa 1090, it was occupied by the Muslim forces of the Seljuk Turks, not long after the Battle of Manzikert. Rhodes was recaptured by the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus during the First Crusade.

Medieval period

In 1309, the Byzantine era came to an end when the island was occupied by forces of the Knights Hospitaller. Under the rule of the newly named "Knights of Rhodes", the city was rebuilt into a model of the European medieval ideal. Many of the city's famous monuments, including the Palace of the Grand Master, were built during this period.

The strong walls which the Knights had built withstood the attacks of the Sultan of Egypt in 1444, and of Mehmed II in 1480. Ultimately, however, Rhodes fell to the large army of Suleiman the Magnificent in December 1522, long after the rest of the Byzantine empire had been lost. The few surviving Knights were permitted to retire to the Kingdom of Sicily. The Knights would later move their base of operations to Malta. The island was thereafter a possession of the Ottoman Empire for nearly four centuries.

Modern history

The island was populated by ethnic groups from the surrounding nations, including Jews. Under the Ottoman Empire rule, they generally did fairly well, but discrimination and bigotry occasionally arose. In February 1840, the Jews of Rhodes were falsely accused of ritually murdering a Christian boy. This became known as the Rhodes blood libel.

In 1912, Italy seized Rhodes from the Turks. The island's population thus bypassed many of the events associated with the "exchange of the minorities" between Greece and Turkey. Due to the Treaty of Lausanne, the island, together with the rest of the Dodecanese, was officially assigned to Italy. It became the core of their possession of the Isole Italiane dell'Egeo.

Following the Italian Armistice of 8 September 1943, the British attempted to get the Italian garrison on Rhodes to change sides. This was anticipated by the German Army, which succeeded in occupying the island. In great measure, the German occupation caused the British failure in the subsequent Dodecanese Campaign.

On 19 July 1944, the Gestapo rounded up the island's nearly 2,000 Jewish inhabitants to send them to extermination camps. About 160 of the island's more than 600 Greek Jews survived. The Turkish Consul Selahattin Ülkümen succeeded, at considerable risk to himself and his family, in saving 42 Jewish families, about 200 persons in total, who had Turkish citizenship or were members of Turkish citizens' families.

In 1947, together with the other islands of the Dodecanese, Rhodes was united with Greece.

In 1949, Rhodes was the venue for negotiations between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, concluding with the 1949 Armistice Agreements.

Archeology

In ancient times, Rhodes was home to one of the Seven Wonders of the World—the Colossus of Rhodes. This giant bronze statue was documented as once standing at the harbour. It was completed in 280 BC but was destroyed in an earthquake in 224 BC. No trace of the statue remains today.

Historical sites on the island of Rhodes include the Acropolis of Lindos, the Acropolis of Rhodes, the Temple of Apollo, ancient Ialysos, ancient Kamiros, the Governor's Palace, Rhodes Old Town (walled medieval city), the Palace of the Grand Masters, Kahal Shalom Synagogue in the Jewish Quarter, the Archeological Museum, the ruins of the castle of Monolithos, the castle of Kritinia, St. Catherine Hospice and Rhodes Footbridge.

Religion

The predominant religion is Greek Orthodox. There is a significant Roman Catholic minority on the island, many of whom are descendants of Italians who remained after the end of the Italian occupation. Rhodes has a Muslim minority, a remnant from Ottoman Turkish times.

The Jewish community of Rhodes goes back to the 1st century AD. In 1480, the Jews actively defended the walled city against the Turks. Kahal Shalom, established in 1557, is the oldest synagogue in Greece and still stands in the Jewish quarter of the old town of Rhodes. At its peak in the 1920s, the Jewish community was one-third of the total population. In the 1940s, there were about 2000 Jews of various ethnic backgrounds. The Germans deported and killed most of the community during the Holocaust. Kahal Shalom has been renovated with the help of foreign donors but few Jews live year-round in Rhodes today, so services are not held on a regular basis.

GR-20841 256 - ая открытка

Country: Greece

Distance: 1,653 km

Travel time:  15 days

On postcard: Komotini

Komotini (Greek: Κομοτηνή, Turkish: Gümülcine) is a city in Thrace, northeastern Greece. It is the capital of the periphery of East Macedonia and Thrace and of the Rhodope peripheral unit. It is also the administrative center of the Rhodope-Evros super-prefecture. The city is home to the Democritus University of Thrace, founded in 1973. Komotini is home to a sizeable Turkish-speaking minority, which constitutes 50% of the city's population.

Geography

The city stands at an altitude of 32-38m on the Thracian plain near the foothills of the Rhodope Mountains. There is little urban planning in the older parts of city, in contrast to more recently developed quarters. According to the 2001 census, the municipality's population amounts to 61,501, a number that does not include approximately 13,000 resident students, trainees and soldiers. There are two airports near Komotini. The nearest is in Alexandroupoli (65 km), and the other is in Kavala (80 km). It has rail and bus links to all continental Greek cities as well as Istanbul, and the good provincial road network has been supplemented by the new Egnatia Odosmotorway.

History

Antiquity

Komotini has existed as a settlement since the 2nd century AD. That is confirmed by archaeological finds of that era up until the 4th century. It is also confirmed by an inscription on the ruins of the 4th-century Byzantine wall, that are visible at various sites in the city, which reads "Theodosiou Ktisma" = Building of Theodosius. The inscription was discovered by the Komotini-born Prof. Stilponas Kyriakidis and the then mayor Sofocles Komninos. It is said that the township 'Komotini' originates from the 5th century and is linked to the daughter of the painter Parrasios from Maroneia. During the Roman age it was one of the several fortresses along the Via Egnatiahighway which existed in the Thrace area. The most important city of that period was neighbouring Maximianopolis, former ThracianPorsulis or Paesoulae (which was renamed to Mosynopolis in the 9th century). Komotini was a Via Egnatia hub on its northern route through the Nymphaea Pass which lead to the Ardas Valley, Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv) and Byzantine Berroe (modern Stara Zagora).

Eastern Roman/Byzantine Era

The city's history is closely connected with that of Via Egnatia, the Roman trunk road which connected Dyrrhachium with Constantinople. The Roman emperor Theodosius I built a small rectilinear fortress on the road at a junction with a route leading north across the Rhodope Mountainstoward Philippopolis. During the Byzantine period, the city belonged to the Theme of Macedonia, whilst from the 9th century it could be found within the newly founded theme of Boleron. For most of its early existence the settlement was overshadowed by the larger town of Mosynopolis to the west, and by the end of the 12th century, the place had been completely abandoned. In 1207 following the destruction of Mosynopolis by theBulgarian tsar Kaloyan, the remnant population fled and established themselves within the walls of the abandoned fortress. Since then the population had been increasing continuously until it became an important town within the area. In 1331 John Kantakouzenos referred to her asKoumoutzina in his account of the Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328. In 1332 Andronikos III Palaiologos set camp in Komotini to face Umur Beyof Smyrna at the Panagia village close to the Panagia Vathirryakos (Fatirgiaka) monastery. However, Umur departed without a battle. In 1341 the historian Nikephoros Phokas referred to the town with its current name. In 1343, during the civil war between John VI Kantakouzenos and John V Palaiologos, Komotini along with the neighbouring forts of Asomatos, Paradimi, Kranovouni and Stylario joined Kantakouzenos' side. John VI Kantakouzenos escaped to Komotini to survive from a battle with the army of the Bulgarian brigand Momchil near the already ruined Mosynopolis.

Ottoman Era

In the Ottoman Era, Komotini was known as Gümülcine or Ghumurdjina. The city continued to be an important hub connecting the capital city of Constantinople with the European part of the Empire, and grew accordingly. Many monuments in the city today date to this era. In 1361, Gazi Evrenos conquered the town and thus a long period of Ottoman rule began. Many local families fled at that time to Epirus and founded the Koumoutzades village (modern Ammotopos, Arta). Even there they were persecuted and some of them found refuge in Tropaia of Gortynia. The bond between the inhabitants of Komotini, Ammotopos and Tropaia exists to this day. Komotini then belonged to the Edirne villayet and was the seat of the Komotini Kaza. After the end of the Ottoman rule, the town extended its boundaries beyond its walls. Komotini maintained its mostly Greek profile up to the end of the 16th century. In 1548 the French tourist Pierre Bellon stated that "the city is inhabited by Greeks and a few Muslims". Mass relocation of Uruks from the depths of Asia Minor and the islamisation of Pomaks were required to reinforce the Muslim population of the city. A Jewish community has also been described. During the Ottoman rule many armed insurgent Greek groups existed in the area, which forced Ahmed III to order their dissolution with poor results. During the Greek War of Independence Komotini's inhabitants contributed substantially with Ioannikios (later bishop), Aggelis Kirzalis and Captain Stavros Kobenos (members of the Filiki Eteria organisation). During the following decades Komotini progressed financially due to the processing and trade of tobacco. Greeks took advantage of the religious liberty granted by the Ottomans and completely controlled the economic activity of the city. The mansions that can be found today in the streets of Komotini (such as Stalios, Malliopoulos, Peidis) were built in that era. After the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, a new wave of Muslim refugees arrived in Komotini. During that period the area found itself under Bulgarian pressure which originated in the rise of Bulgarian nationalism. In 1880 a Girls School and a Boys Urban School were functioning. In 1885 the cultural association 'Omonoia' was founded and it contributed in the cultural life of the city by presenting theatrical plays and concerts. Great benefactors such as Nestor Tsanaklis (builder of the Tsanakleios School, Dimitrios Sintos etc. rose during that era. Remarkable people that were born in Komotini include Alexandros Symeonidis (Professor of Medicine at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) and Victoria Margaritopoulou (one of the first Greek female doctors).

Jewish Community

Writings in the area of ancient Maroneia confirm the presence of Jews in the area. In the 16th century the Jewish community of Komotini consisted of Sephardite Jews who were textile and wool merchants. Many of the Jews had come to Komotini as immigrants from Edirne and Thessaloniki. The community was concentrated within the ancient walls of the city where the Synagogue was built in the 18th century. It was destroyed during WWII. In 1900 there were 1,200 Jews. In 1910 the Alliance Israelite Universelle School started functioning. Greek, French and Hebrew were taught in the school. In 1912–13 many Jews moved to larger cities such as Thessaloniki and Istanbul. After the liberation of Komotini (May 1920) the Israelite community of Komotini had a Cultural Club and Charity organisations. During the Bulgarian occupation, the Bulgarians (Nazi allies) arrested 863  Jews and sent them to the concentration camp of Treblinka where they were exterminated (28 survived the Holocaust). In 1958 the Israelite community was dissolved due to lack of members. In 2004 the municipality of Komotini created a memorial (southern entrance of Central Park) for the victims of the Holocaust.

First Balkan War

During the First Balkan War, Bulgarian forces captured the city, only to surrender it to the Greek army during the Second Balkan War on July 14, 1913. In this period, a short-lived independent state, the Provisional Government of Western Thrace, was established in Western Thrace. Komotini was declared as capital city of that state. The Treaty of Bucharest, however, handed the city back to Bulgaria. Despite various schemes by Greek inhabitants to avoid Bulgarian occupation, the city was part of Bulgaria until the end of World War I. During this period, the city had the Bulgarian name Гюмюрджина Gyumyurdzina. In 1919, in the Treaty of Neuilly, Komotini was handed back to Greece, along with the rest of Western Thrace.

Modern Komotini

Komotini is, nowadays, a thriving commercial and administrative centre. It is heavily centralised with the majority of commerce and services based around the historical core of the city. Getting around on foot is therefore very practical. However, traffic can be remarkably heavy due to the daily commute. In the past, a river used to divide Komotini into two parts. In the 1970s, after repeated flooding episodes it was eventually diverted and replaced by the main avenues of the city.

Heart of the City

At the heart of the city lie the evergreen Municipal Central Park and the 15 m-high WW2 Heroes' Memorial, locally known as 'The Sword'. The revamped Central square or Plateia Irinis (Square of Peace) is the focus of a vibrant nightlife boosted by the huge number of students living in the city. The Old commercial centre is very popular with tourists as it houses traditional shops and workshops that have long vanished from other Greek cities. In addition, in the northwestern outskirts of the city (Nea Mosinoupoli) locals and tourists alike flock into a modern shopping plaza: Kosmopolis Park, which houses department stores, shops, supermarkets, a cinema complex, cafés and restaurants. The area stretching from Kosmopolis to Ifaistos is gradually becoming a retail destination in its own right.

Culture and Entertainment

Komotini began life as a Byzantine Fortress built by the Emperor Theodosius in the 4th century AD. The ruins of this quadrangular structure can still be found NW of the central square. Komotini has several museums including the Archaeological, Byzantine and Folklore museums. SW of the central square one can find the Open-air Municipal Theatre, which hosts many cultural shows and events such as the cultural summer (πολιτιστικό καλοκαίρι = politistiko kalokairi). There is a Regional Theatre (DIPETHE) whose company produces many plays all year round. 6 km NE of Komotini is the Nymfaia forest. It has recreational facilities which comprise trails, courts, playgrounds and space for environmental studies. The forest is divided by a paved road which leads to the ruins of yet another Byzantine fortress and the historical (WWII) fort of Nymfaia.

Νάουσα, Πάρος, Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Ауза (Наусса) (греч. Νάουσα) — порт и курорт на острове Парос, Греция. Расположен на левом берегу бухты Ауза (Наусса), в северной части острова.

Κέρκυρα, Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Корфу, Керкира (греч. Κέρκυρα), или Коркира (лат. Corcyra) — греческий остров, самый северный и второй по площади (593 км²) среди Ионических островов. Корфу тянется параллельно побережью материка на 65 км. Остров очень живописен и, за исключением южной части, весьма плодороден. Главные производимые продукты — оливковое масло, южные фрукты и вино; мука ввозится. По всему острову проложены относительно хорошие дороги.

Корфу связан с историей Греции с истоков древнегреческой мифологии. Его греческое название Керкира или Коркира связано с двумя значительными водными символами: Посейдоном, богом моря, и Асопом, греческим божеством и крупной рекой на материковой части Греции. В мифе Посейдон влюбился в Керкиру, дочь Асопа и речной нимфы Метопы, и украл её, что было традиционно для мифов той эпохи. Посейдон привез Метопу на до того неизвестный остров и, будучи безумно влюбленным, предложил её имя Коркира в качестве названия острова, которое постепенно превратилось в Керкира (Дорийский диалект). У них родился ребенок, которого назвали Феак, в честь чего население острова стали называть Феаками. Этот термин под влиянием латинского транслитерировался в Фаекийцев. История острова постоянно связана с битвами и завоеваниями, давая Корфу важное место в историческом водовороте вплоть до современности.

Объединение с современной Грецией в 1864 объединило и исторические линии острова и материка, избавив Корфу от каких-либо новых интервенций. Наследство исторической борьбы проявляется в замках, охраняющих стратегически важные точки по всему острову. Два замка расположены в столице, единственном городе Греции, защищенном таким образом. В результате столица Корфу была официально объявлена Кастрополисом (городом замков) греческим правительством. В 2007 старый город был включен во Всемирное наследие ЮНЕСКО по рекомендации ИКОМОСа.

Περιφέρεια Κρήτης, Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Крит (греч. Κρήτη) — самый большой греческий остров и пятый по величине в Средиземном море, находится в 110 км от Европы, в 175 км от Азии и в 300 км от Африки. Крит омывается тремя морями — Ионическим, Ливийским и Эгейским.

Туристические достопримечательности Крита включают: археологические раскопки в Кноссе, Малье, Фесте, Гортине и т. д.; венецианский замок Фортецца в Ретимноне, Самарийское ущелье, плоскогорье Лассити и пещера Зевса.

Крит был центром Минойской цивилизации (2600 — 1400 годы до н. э.), которая считается древнейшей в Европе.

История людей на Крите начинается в период неолита, около 7000 лет до н.э. Тогда были созданы первые поселения, жители которых занимались сельским хозяйством и разведением скота. Жили эти поселенцы в каменных домах, реже в пещерах. В пещерах Илифииас (Ειλειθυίας), Стравомити (Στραβομύτη), Эллиноспилио (Ελληνοσπήλαιο) были найдены оружие, инструменты, гончарные изделия, ножи из камня и кости, а также религиозные предметы, посвященные богине плодородия. К началу II тыс. до н. э. на острове Крит сложилось четыре местных царства с центрами в городах Кноссе, Фесте, Маллии и Зарко.

Αθήνα, Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Αθήνα, Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Ακρόπολη Αθηνών, Αθήνα, Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Афи́нский акро́поль (греч. Ακρόπολη Αθηνών) — акрополь в городе Афины, представляющий собой 156-метровый скалистый холм с пологой вершиной (ок. 300 м в длину и 170 м в ширину).

Первые укрепления на скалистом отроге площадью 300 на 130 м, поднимающемся на окраине Афин, появились ещё задолго до наступления классического периода. Уже во времена архаики здесь располагались величественные храмы, скульптуры, различные другие святыни.

В микенский период (XV—XIII вв. до н. э.) являлся укрепленной царской резиденцией. В VII—VI вв. до н. э. на Акрополе велось большое строительство. При тиране Писистрате (560—527 гг. до н. э.) на месте царского дворца был построен храм богини Афины Гекатомпедон (то есть храм длиною в сто шагов; сохранились фрагменты скульптур фронтонов, выявлен фундамент). В 480 году до н. э. во время греко-персидских войн храмы Акрополя были разрушены персами. Жители Афин дали клятву восстановить святыни только после изгнания врагов из Эллады.

В 447 год до н. э. по инициативе Перикла на Акрополе началось новое строительство; руководство всеми работами было поручено знаменитому скульптору Фидию, который, видимо, и явился автором художественной программы, легшей в основу всего комплекса, его архитектурного и скульптурного облика.

Первоначально восстановление храмов Акрополя задумывалось как общенациональное дело. Однако другие греческие полисы, в первую очередь Фивы, отказались в этом принимать участие.

В V веке Парфенон стал церковью Богоматери, статуя Афины Парфенос была перевезена в Константинополь. После завоевания Греции турками (в XV веке) храм превратили в мечеть, к которой пристроили минареты, затем — в арсенал; Эрехтейон стал гаремом турецкого паши, храм Ники Аптерос был разобран, из его блоков сложена стена бастиона. В 1687 году после попадания ядра с венецианского корабля взрыв уничтожил почти всю центральную часть храма Афины — Девы, при неудачной попытке венецианцев снять скульптуры Парфенона несколько статуй были разбиты. В начале XIX века англичанин лорд Элгин выломал ряд метоп, десятки метров фриза и почти все сохранившиеся скульптуры фронтонов Парфенона, кариатиду — из портика Эрехтейона.

В 1827 году, во время штурма Акрополя греческими повстанцами, от попавшего в него пушечного ядра сильно пострадал Эрехтейон.

После провозглашения независимости Греции в ходе реставрационных работ (в основном в кон. XIX века) по возможности был восстановлен древний облик Акрополя: ликвидирована вся поздняя застройка на его территории, заново выложен храм Ники Аптерос и т. п. Рельефы и скульптуры храмов Акрополя находятся в Британском музее (Лондон), в Лувре (Париж) и Музее Акрополя. Остававшиеся под открытым небом скульптуры заменены в настоящее время копиями.

Αθήνα, Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Афи́ны (греч. Αθήνα) — столица Греции. Располагается в Центральной Греции и является экономическим, культурным и административным центром страны. Названы в честь богини Афины, которая была их покровителем.

Из мифологии известно, что имя богини мудрости — Афины — город получил после спора Афины с владыкой морей Посейдоном. Известно, что первый царь Афин Кекроп (Κέκροπας), который был наполовину человеком, наполовину змеей, должен был решить, кто будет покровителем города. Два бога — Афина и Посейдон — должны были сделать подарок Кекропу, и тот, кто сделает лучший подарок, становился покровителем города.

Тогда, перед Кекропом, первым ударил своим трезубцем Посейдон, и тотчас из земли забил источник. Греция — страна жаркая, горная, вода там нужна, но она оказалась морской, солёной. После же удара Афины из земли выросло маленькое оливковое дерево. Кекроп был впечатлён подарком Афины и выбрал её в качестве покровителя города. Таким образом Афины и взяли имя великой богини. Но так как Кекроп не выбрал Посейдона, в Афинах стало не хватать воды. Эта нехватка чувствуется и по сей день.

Другая версия гласит: слово Афины (Αθήνα) произошло от слова Афон (άθος), что созвучно со словом цветок (άνθος).

Афины имеют богатую историю; в классический период (V век до н. э.) город-государство достигло вершины своего развития, определив многие тенденции развития позднейшей европейской культуры. Так с городом связаны имена философов Сократа, Платона и Аристотеля, заложивших основы европейской философии, трагиков Эсхила, Софокла и Еврипида, стоявших у истоков драмы; политическим строем древних Афин была демократия.